"the course of Western Civilization"

美国政府严重侵犯宪法的政教分离原则 (中英文版)

分离原则

《西方文明的历程》《购买本书》第三部.美国革命

第二章.上帝山巅之城中艰难的宪政实践

第十五节.美国政府不断侵蚀着教会的权利

相前阅读链接

美国政府不断侵蚀着教会的权利(中英文版)

1.婚姻从来都是教会的权利,不是民事权利

2.美国政府严重侵犯政教分离的原则 

3.对子女教育是基督徒的基本权利,世俗政府不得干涉

4.为什么慈善、医院必须由教会实施?

5.设立宗教法庭的必要性

6.新教必须团结起来对抗世俗政府,否则基督教将灭绝,人类也将毁灭。

 

林敦•约翰逊法案,又是严重侵犯基督教会权利的一个例证,根据这个法案,美国政府可以取消干涉政治的,基督教会的免税特权,从而限制教会干涉政治的权利。我们之前论述过,基督教传统的两头蛇式的政教分离,是最稳定、最牢固的社会结构,国家与教会互相督促、互相提携,使社会健康有序地快速发展,在这种结构中,国家与教会各有自己的专属领域,由于圣经、教义的限制,基督教会历史上几乎从未涉足军队、警察、监狱、经济,这些至关重要的世俗领域,但除这些外,其他诸如慈善、教育、医院等重要的社会功能,都由教会控制处理。我们还知道,马萨诸塞清教徒在建造上帝山巅之城的过程中,同样根据两头蛇式政教分离的理论,教会干涉了不少世俗事务,也正是教会在各种政治势力之间斡旋调解,才维持了社会的稳定秩序,否则不可能成功建立上帝的山巅之城,也就不可能有后来的美国。教会干涉政治不是为了参与世俗事务,而是发挥精神之剑的督促作用,限制世俗政权的权力,监督世俗政权的不当行为,人们无数的历史经验证明,只有这样才能保证世俗政府,不陷于独裁、寡头统治、多数暴政的恶政之中。教会干涉政治最少来说,也保护属于教会领域的专属事务,不受世俗政府的侵犯,道理其实很简单,教会如果不参与世俗事务,怎么能够确定与世俗政府之间的界限,怎么能够阻止教会权利不被世俗政府侵犯。人类历史上,宗教从来都是生活中最重要的事情,它也一贯与世俗政府纠缠在一起,很难将二者完全剥离,世俗政府,无论是基督教社会还是其他社会,也一直对宗教事务有特殊优惠政策,即使在东方的世俗社会,皇帝也经常赐予寺庙道观土地,作为他们的生活、发展费用,所有这些土地自然都是免税的。基督教国家自然也有这样的传统,圣经中明确规定了什一税,之前在天主教国家也一直被征收,新教改革后什一税逐渐废止,从马萨诸塞开始的美国新教社会,没有额外征收宗教税,而是由各个教会、各个教区自己筹措生存发展费用,这已经可以算是历史上,最不向社会索取的教会了,没有增加世俗政府一分负担,无论如何,世俗政府总不至于向教会收税吧,可林登•约翰逊法案就这么做了。可见林登•约翰逊法案,是何等地蔑视人类生活中这件最重要的事,何等地视宗教如无物,何等地侵犯教会的权利,也可以说林登•约翰逊法案,是何等地践踏宪法第一修正案,可是这个议案却能在国会中获得通过,而整个基督教会,对政府这种侵犯同样束手无策,不知如何保护自己。可见美国教会已经堕落退化到不可思议的地步,已经毫无一丝血性,真的如一群绵羊一般,他们至少可以发起一些法律诉讼,直至最高院法院,即使失败了,也可以如马丁•路德•金一般组织一些游行抗议,没有,什么都没有,美国的新教会什么都没做,拱手出让自己的权利,让出自己对世俗政权的制约、监督的权利,躲在一旁的羊圈中小心翼翼地过着小日子。很明显的是,即使是完全政教分离,也应当让教会与国家共同协商定义这条分离的界线,这条界线不可能由国家单独一方来定义,不可能由国家一方说了算,而教会一方毫无话语权,所以教会不能干涉政治的林登•约翰逊法案,是极其无理、野蛮的。于是上帝的精神之剑完全旁落,美国政府也就将教会踩在脚下随意蹂躏,除了婚姻权利外,美国政府还肆无忌惮地夺走了,原本属于教会的许多其他社会功能,如教育、慈善、医院等。

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Lyndon Johnson’s act is another example of a serious violation of the rights of the Christian Church. According to this act, the US government can cancel the Christian Church’s tax exemption privilege to limit the church’s right to interfere in politics. As we have discussed before, the traditional two-headed snake-like separation of church and state in Christianity is the most stable and robust social structure. The state and the church supervise and support each other to make the society develop healthily, orderly, and speedily. In this structure, the state and the church have their own exclusive fields. Due to the restriction of the Bible and doctrines, the Christian Church rarely set foot in the military, police, prisons, and economy, these vital secular fields. Still, except these, other essential social functions such as charity, education, hospital, etc., are managed and handled by the church. We also know that for building the city of God, the Puritan church in Massachusetts also intervened in many secular affairs according to the two-headed snake-like separation of politics and religion. It was the mediation of the church among various political forces that maintained the stable order of the society. Otherwise, it would be impossible to build God’s city on the hill successfully, and it would not be possible to found the United States later. The church’s intervention in politics is not to participate in secular affairs but to play the role of the sword of the spirit, restrict the power of the secular government, and supervise the behavior of the secular government. Countless historical experiences have proved that only in this way can the secular government be guaranteed not to fall into the tyranny of dictatorship, oligarchy, and majority. At the very least, church interference in politics also protects the exclusive affairs of the church from the violation of the secular government. The reason is actually very simple. Suppose the church does not interfere in politics, how to determine the boundary between the church and the secular government, and how to prevent the rights of the church from being infringed by the secular government. In human history, religion has always been the most critical matter in life, and it has always entangled with secular government. It isn’t easy to separate them completely. Whether Christian society or other societies, the secular government has always made special preferential policies for religious affairs. Even in the Oriental secular society, the emperor often granted temples land for monks’ living and development expenses; all the lands were naturally tax-free. Christian countries naturally have such a tradition. The Bible clearly stipulates tithe tax, collected in Catholic countries before. After the Protestant reform, the tithe tax was gradually abolished. The American Protestant society that began in Massachusetts did not collect additional religious taxes. Instead, each church and parish raised their own living and development expenses; they had not burdened the secular government anything. This can be regarded as the least demanded church in history. In any case, the secular government would not levy any taxes from the church, but the Lyndon Johnson bill did. It can be seen how the Lyndon Johnson bill despised the most important matter in human life, how it regarded religion as nothing, how it violated the rights of the church, and how it trampled on the first amendment of the Constitution. However, this bill was passed in Congress, and the whole Christian Church had no means to hit back against such violations; they didn’t know how to protect themselves. It can be seen that the church in the United States had degenerated to an unbelievable level without any blood and iron; they were really like a flock of sheep. They could at least initiate legal proceedings till the Supreme Court. Even if they failed, they could also organize some demonstrations and protests as Martin Luther King did. No, nothing had done.

The church in the United States had done nothing; they gave up their right to restrict and supervise the secular government and lived a little life in an abundance of caution. Obviously, even if the separation of religion and politics is entirely complete, the church should consult with the state to define this separation line. The boundary can not be defined by the state alone, and the state can not own the final say, while the church has no say. The church can not interfere in politics and can not consult the separate line in the linden Johnson act of politics, which is extraordinarily unreasonable and brutal. As a result, the sword of God’s spirit completely disappeared, and the American government encroached upon the church at will. In addition to the right to marriage, the American government also took away many other social functions wantonly that initially belonged to the church, such as education, charity, hospital, etc.

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