"the course of Western Civilization"

左派的国家观本质上是不存在上帝的,无神论的,理性的国家观,可理性有严重缺陷,历史上这样的国家从来没有存在过。 (中英文版)

上帝的,无神论的,理性的国家观,可理性有严重缺陷,历史上这样的国家没从来有存在过。

《西方文明的历程》《购买本书》第三部.美国革命第二章.上帝山巅之城中艰难的宪政实践第十三节.美国左派思想家疯狂的国家观

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美国左派思想家疯狂的国家观(中英文版)

1.左派的国家观本质上是不存在上帝的,无神论的,理性的国家观,可理性有严重缺陷,历史上这样的国家没有存在过。

2.人性贪婪堕落,没有信仰的国家怎么能够长存?失去上帝,美国同样必然产生暴政。

3.东方社会最接近左派的国家观,可东方社会有惨绝人寰的改朝换代周期律。

我们之前也论述过,传统的两头蛇似的政教分离,曾经是人类历史上最好的一种社会结构,通过教会对国家的制约,使其避免成为独裁专制的利维坦怪兽,同时国家对教会形成反制,使其免于政教合一的野蛮与落后,使人类社会能够平稳、有序地发展。而在人类历史上所有的非基督教社会里,却是另外一番景象,他们历来都是将国家作为理想化身,人类存在的最高形式,如柏拉图的理想国,柏拉图认为国家是善的体现,是理性的完美化身。亚里士多德也认为,人类历史经过家庭、作坊、城邦几个阶段,而城邦是最完备的形式,是正义的体现。黑格尔认为,“国家是客观精神的最高级形式,是伦理理念的实现,是绝对自在自为的理性东西,国家的根据就是作为意志而实现自己的理性力量,在他看来,国家是自在的、永恒的、绝对的,是不以人的意志为转移的伦理精神的实现 ,是人类共同体的最高发展阶段与组织形式,人类社会最终都要发展到国家阶段。”抛开这些晦涩的哲学语言,以我们通俗的话说就是,黑格尔认为国家是人类理性对人类社会的思考,梳理后的最终、最好的结果,人类社会最终、最好的存在形式,它是自在、永恒、绝对的不以人的意志为转移的,我们每个人只能服从于国家。黑格尔这个观点,其实我们非常熟悉,耳详能熟,由此也可知我们今天这个世俗社会的理论传承了。上面只是略微提及非基督徒社会,比较有代表性的几个国家学说,其他还有很多,例如,儒家的圣王之治,儒家认为,一个通晓儒家真义的皇帝,也就是圣王领导的国家,是最完善的社会。其实它们之间非常相似,基本都将国家作为人类最完美、最善、最高的存在形式。但是遗憾的是,人类历史上这些伟大、崇高的国家理想,从来没有实现过,国家从来没有以,世俗思想家所设想的理想方式存在过,从来没有任何最完美、最善、最高的影子。

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在这些哲学家夸夸其谈的同时,其实他们的国家观念,已经深深打上了无神论的标志,他们所说的普遍、抽象并不是真正的普遍、抽象,而只是一种无神论的抽象、普遍而已,他们所言的普遍、抽象已经将上帝排除在外,而人类社会几千年以来,当真存在过一个没有上帝、无神社会吗?即使在最世俗化的社会里,也有原始的鬼神崇拜、拜物教等,而将人类社会中最为常见的上帝排除在外,又谈何普遍、抽象?大家可能以为我这是在狡辩,可实际上这是叔本华等人,驳斥康德道德观的理由,就是用康德的二律背反驳斥康德自己的道德观,康德的二律背反认为,对于无限与有限,有神与无神这些终极问题,理性确实有缺陷,无能为力。所以康德理性主义的道德观是有缺陷的。(康德的道德观是理性主义的,认为人的理性至善至美,想了解详情的朋友可以自己参见本书第二章,或者自己去找找康德的二律背反,以及有关叔本华对康德道德观的批判)。在一般问题的论述上普遍、抽象确实有着实际意义,理性也是人类有别于动物的能力,但是在终极问题上理性就无能为力了,我们无法从上帝中再抽象、普遍出什么,因为上帝就是一、无限、普遍、所有,理性原本在上帝之下,却想逾越上帝,这怎么可能呢?于是一个没有上帝的普遍的世界存在吗?一个无神的道德观怎么存在呢?我们曾说过,现实中你也找不到一个没有上帝、神仙、拜物教存在的无神的、普遍的世界,也就是,普遍无法超越神,而上帝的概念反而是普遍存在的,所以即使康德最后也不得不承认,“理性是有缺陷的,不足以完全依赖。” 所以他还是将上帝的概念引进他的哲学。所以说不是我的狡辩,而是确确实实不存在一个无神的世界,理性想超越上帝是不可能的、荒唐的。而疯狂的美国左派思想家,无视人类理性的缺陷,无视从来没有无神社会存在过,无视人类历史上柏拉图等人的理性理想国,从来没有实现过这个现实,将有缺陷的理性的推论,作为人类社会的行为准则,并且用来替代上帝、宗教信仰,用它来建造国家,这是何等恐怖的事,这将产生多少荒唐恐怖、骇人听闻的后果,将把人类拖进何等的疯狂、混乱中,人类社会最后也必将随之瓦解。

很明显一个无视人类理性缺陷,并将它的缺陷无限放大的疯狂社会,又怎么可能是最完美、最善、最高的国家,我们就先以曾经被认为是人类文明标志的,一男一女、一夫一妻这个婚姻观念,来看看这个问题。一男一女、一夫一妻的婚姻观,原本就是宗教概念,来自于《圣经》,来自人类与上帝交流最密切的远古时期,来自神秘宇宙深处,是与永生、永恒的终极世界联系在一起的,它最符合人伦常理,经过几千年实践也证明了,它是最为美好温馨的传统习俗,是最稳定的一种社会微结构,能够保证人类的下一代健康幸福地成长。显然一男一女、一夫一妻的婚姻观并不是理性的产物,理性得不出这样的婚姻观,因为根据理性没有伤害别人既为善的原则,可以得出无数的奇谈怪状的婚姻观,如同性、乱伦、人兽婚姻等,这些结论难道不都是荒唐恐怖、骇人听闻的吗?可这些确实就是,左派思想家宣传的社会观、国家观,从人伦常理上说它疯狂一点也不为过,那他们为什么会存在呢?就在于人类理性的缺陷,从上面我们知道,如果失去了信仰,没有了神,理性确实无法否定它们的合理存在。可是今天的左派思想家却试图用有缺陷的理性,来推翻一男一女、一夫一妻这个传统的,最合理的婚姻观,推行同性、乱伦、人兽婚姻等,奇谈怪状的婚姻观,妄图用理性构建一个无神的、理性社会,也就是疯狂的、无视人伦常理的社会,这不是反人类那什么是反人类?也正因为这些,才有今天美国社会的混乱与疯狂,所以柏拉图等人的理性的、普遍的国家,根本就没有存在的基础。

可以看出,这些左派思想家本质上就是追求无神论,真正目的就是推翻上帝,以他们的理性来取代上帝,于是他们将成为人类新上帝,指引、领导人类的新生活,也使他们笼罩在被崇拜的光环、荣耀中,对于人类是否会疯狂或者毁灭,并不是他们关心的问题,这才是美国左派思想家的真实想法,这才是这些人孜孜不断追求的主要目的。一个人若不是出于自身私利,即使是不承认理性的缺陷,也会得出类似于早期的左派社会学家图尔干的结论,宗教是为了稳定人类社会的秩序而创造的,同样来自于宗教的一夫一妻、一男一女的婚姻观,也是为了人类社会的稳定而存在的,不可能去随便推翻、打破它,但这个底线对于今天的左派思想家来说,根本就不存在。

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As discussed before, the traditional separation of politics and religion, like two-heads snakes, was once the best social structure in human history. The church’s restriction on the state prevented the state from becoming an autocratic Leviathan monster, while the state counterbalanced the church. Thus, the church was exempt from the barbarism and ignorance of the unity of church and state so that human society could develop steadily and orderly. However, there is a different scene in all non-Christian societies in human history. They always regarded the state as an ideal, the highest form of human existence, such as Plato’s ideal state. Plato believed that the state is the embodiment of good, the perfect expression of rationality. Aristotle also believed that human history has gone through several stages: family, workshop, and city-states. And city-states are the perfect formation, the embodiment of Justice. Hegel believed that “the nation is the highest form of objective spirit, the realization of ethical ideas, and an absolute self-contained rational thing. The basis of the nation is a will that can realize its own rational force. In his view, the nation is free, eternal, and absolute, the realization of the ethical spirit and independence of human will. It is the highest developmental stage and organization of the human community. Human society will eventually develop to the national stage.” Putting aside these obscure philosophical languages, in our popular words, Hegel believed that the nation is the final and best result of human rational thinking on human society and the final and best existing form of human society. It is free, eternal, and absolute, not subject to human will; each of us can only submit to the nation. Hegel’s view is actually very familiar to us; moreover, all these are well-known facts. We can also know what today’s nation theories of our secular society have inherited from this. The above is only a slight mention of several representative state theories in non-Christian society. There are many others, for example, Confucianism’s rule of the sage king. Confucianists believe that a country should be led by an emperor who knows the truth of Confucianism; that is to say, a country led by a sage king is the perfect society. In fact, the nation theories all the above are very similar. They consider the nation the perfect, best, and highest form of human existence. But it is a pity that this great and lofty ideal nation has never been realized in human history. Countries have never existed in this ideal way envisioned by secular thinkers.

While these philosophers are boasting, in fact, their concept of the state has been deeply imprinted by atheism. The abstraction they think about is not genuine universal and abstract, but just atheistic universality and abstraction. The universality and abstraction they talk about have excluded God. For thousands of years in human society, has a Godless and atheistic society really existed? Even in the most secular society, there is primitive ghost worship, fetishism, etc. How universal and abstract is to exclude the most common God in human society? You may think that I am quibbling, but Schopenhauer and others had used Kant’s antinomy to refute Kant’s own morality. Kant’s moral philosophy is rationalism, which thinks humans can naturally get morality. However, Kant’s antinomy holds that reason is indeed defective. It is powerless in dealing with the ultimate problems of infinity and finiteness, God and godlessness. Therefore, Kant’s rationalism is flawed. (Friends who want to know more can refer to Chapter 2 of this book or search Kant’s antinomy and Schopenhauer’s criticism of Kant’s morality.)

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Universality and abstraction do have practical meaning in the discussion of ordinary matters. The reason is also the ability of humans to be different from animals. However, in the ultimate issue, the reason is powerless. We cannot abstract and generalize from God because God is one, Infinite, universal, and all. The reason is originally under God but wants to transcend God; how is this possible? Thus, How does a universal world exist without God? How does a godless morality exist? I have stated that you can’t find a universal world without gods, fairies, and fetishism in reality. That is, universality cannot surpass God, and the concept of God is universal. So even, In the end, Kant had to admit that “reason is flawed and not enough to rely on completely.” therefore, he introduced the concept of God into his philosophy. It is not my sophistry, but that godless world doesn’t exist. It is impossible and absurd for reasons to surpass God. The crazy American leftist thinkers ignore the flaws of human reason, ignore that there has never existed an atheistic society, and ignore the reality that the rational ideal state of Plato and others in human history has never been realized. They take the inference from flawed human reason as the discipline of human society, use it to replace God and religious beliefs, and build a country. What a terrible thing it is? How ridiculous and terrifying will the consequences follow this? And how much madness and chaos will be dragged into human society? Human society will eventually collapse with it.

Is such a crazy society the most perfect, the best, and the highest nation? Which ignores and magnifies the defects of human reason infinitely. Let’s look at the marriage concept of monogamy, a man and a woman, once considered the symbol of human civilization. The marriage concept of monogamy, a man and a woman, is originally a religious concept. It comes from the “Bible,” from ancient ages when humans and God communicated most closely, and from the depths of the mysterious universe. It is connected with the ultimate world of eternal life and eternity, most in line with the common sense of human ethics. Through thousands of years, the practice has proved that it is the best and warm traditional custom and the most stable social microstructure, which can ensure the healthy and happy growth of the next generation. Obviously, the marriage concept of monogamy, a man and a woman is not the result of reason; reason cannot generate such a concept of marriage. According to the principle of rationality, no harm to others is good, so we can draw countless strange concepts of marriage, such as the marriage of homosexuals, the marriage in Incests, the marriage between humans and animals, etc. Aren’t these conclusions all absurd and terrifying? It is not an exaggeration to say that they are crazy from the common sense of human ethics. They just lie in the flaws of human reason. However, these will prevail in the society and state promoted by leftist thinkers. Then why can this society and state exist? only because human reason has flaws. We know from the above that if faith is lost and God is gone, reason cannot deny these crazy marriage concepts of rational existence. However, today’s leftist thinkers are trying to use the flawed reason to overthrow the traditional and most reasonable marriage concepts of monogamy, a man and a woman. They promote strange concepts of marriage, such as homosexual marriage, incest marriage, and human-animal marriage. They use reason to build an atheistic and rational society, which is crazy and ignores the common sense of human ethics. If this is not anti-human, then what is anti-human? It is actually because of this that American society falls into chaos and madness today? Therefore, the universal, abstract, atheistic, rational states of Plato and others have no basis for existence at all.

It can be seen that these leftist thinkers are essentially pursuing atheism, and their real aim is to overthrow God and replace God with their rationality. Then they will become the new God, guide and lead a new life of humans, making them enveloped in the halo and glory of being worshiped. Whether human beings will be crazy or destroyed is not their concern. This is the actual thought of the American leftist thinkers, and this is the primary purpose of their continuous pursuit. If a person is not out of self-interest, even if he does not recognize the flaws of reason, he will come to a conclusion similar to the early leftist sociologist Durkheim. Durkheim suggested that religion was created to stabilize the order of human society. The marriage concept of monogamy, one man and one woman from religion, was also created for the stability of human society. Of course, this marriage concept is impossible to overthrow or break casually, but this bottom line does not exist for today’s leftist thinkers.

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未经允许不得转载:the course of Western Civilization » 左派的国家观本质上是不存在上帝的,无神论的,理性的国家观,可理性有严重缺陷,历史上这样的国家从来没有存在过。 (中英文版)

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