Why the big government of the Democratic Party is asking for the moon ?

The main problem of Confucianism is not the unstoppable struggle for the throne but the endless expansion of the bureaucracy, that is, the unlimited growth of the members of the bureaucracy. It is also caused by the greed and degeneration of human nature. In “the super stable structure of china feudal society”, Mr. Jin Guantao explained this phenomenon as fish begins to stink at the head. Due to the emperor’s stupidity and incompetence, the bureaucracy was rotten. The unorganized forces grew irreversibly and finally led to an irreparable outcome. On this point, I disagree with Mr. Jin Guantao. I have repeatedly stressed that Confucianism is the best secular theory, most in line with the common sense of human relations and human nature. However, I have been demonstrating that human nature is greedy and degenerate, likes leisure, and hates work, so the best secular theory, which is in line with human nature and the common sense of human relations, is not necessarily the best and most reasonable theory.

The pyramid-like hierarchy of Confucianism itself caters to humans’ pursuit of human vanity, encourages the greed and degeneration of human nature, and emboldens people to achieve without effort and gain without pain. It uses interests and reputation as bait and encapsulates all the elites in the world to serve the emperor. Although Confucianism puts the emperor on a high-sounding veil, saying that their hierarchy can match his position with morality, which and the rule of kings are the best system. But first, there is no clear standard for ‘morality’. Second, how can he consciously match his position with morality under the greed and corruption of human nature? It is not surprising that most of the high-ranking people in Chinese history are flattering villains.Moreover, this immoral essence will inevitably lead to a vicious circle. Each level of the pyramid-like bureaucracy has greater interests and reputation than the low level and more gains without pain. Each level can determine the interests, reputation, and even life and death of the low level. It is the so-called Official’s rank superior to crush the inferior. Each step of upgrading can bring great interest and reputation; this encourages people to compete for high rank by any means, whether legitimate or illegitimate, just or unjust. It is the so-called no, “no risk no gain,” “fortune favors the daring,” and “the world is prosperous, all for interests; the world is bustling, all for benefits. “Even the ninth rank trivial officials and petty officials at the lowest level in the bureaucracy can get paid without work compared with the people at the bottom. It at least meets the minimum requirements of humans, whose nature is like leisure, hates work, and gains without work.

“Although the number of bureaucrats in the past dynasties is different, there is an obvious trend. At the end of any dynasty, the number of bureaucrats is several times, even several ten times larger than at the beginning of the dynasty. For example, in the 627 ad, the shrewd Taizong of the Tang Dynasty merged the Official position. Chang’an, the capital, the largest city of the Tang Empire, with a population of more than 1.1 million, only retained 643 to 730 officials, and the number of foreign officials was correspondingly small. Thirty years later, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong Xianqing, the number of officials expanded to 13465. By the years of Yuanhe (806-820), the number of civil and military officials and various petty officials had reached 36868. Based on the calculation of the country’s 1.44 million taxpayers at that time,  every seven households had to undertake two officials on average. The expansion of officials in the Dynasty Song was even more alarming. In the 40 years from ren zong,huang you to zhe zong , Yuan you, as for foreign officials concerned. The number of Military governors increased from three to nine, two stayed envoys, from one to eight, surveillance envoys, from one to 15, and defense envoys from four to 42. The number of other officials increased by an average of six times in more than 80 years from Jingde to Yuan you. During Hongwu Period in the early Ming Dynasty, there were 24000 civil and military officials, and more than 80000 in the Xianzong period a hundred years later. The expansion of institutions is also very fast. Take Ji Town as an example; It was initially an institution. When in Shenzong, the border was divided into towns, and one town was divided into three roads. Institutions were set up on each road. In this way, the institutions are 12 times the original amount, and the officials are 30 times the original amount.

The eunuch system was also expanding. There were less than 100 eunuch officials in the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, but more than 10000 in the middle of it. When the Ming Dynasty was subjugated, there were 70000 eunuchs in the palace alone, plus 100000 in all parts of the country. Eunuchs had their own system. There are twelve prisons, four departments, and eight bureaus, a total of twenty Yamen. Minions serving eunuch organizations were as many as the hairs on an ox. When Shizong was in power, he cut more than 30000 royal eunuch guards for the first time and 148000 for the second time.

In the bureaucracy, minor officials were generally more than ten times that state officials. According to the official quota, there were 7567 civil and military officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty, while there were 145419 minor officials. Minor officials were 19 times more than officials. In the Tang Dynasty, the total number of officials was 268 668, of which only 17 686 were officials, and the number of minor officials was about 20 times that of officials. If the number of officials at the beginning of the dynasty was about 10000 to 30000, and at the end of the dynasty, it expanded several times to about 50000 to 100000, then the number of minor officials would expand to more than one million, which is really amazing. “③

The law of dynasty change is not the theme of this book. These discussions mainly demonstrate that the hierarchy and monarchy of Confucianism are consistent with the experience of secular life, the most consistent with human nature, the most common sense of human relations, and the most reasonable secular theory. While freedom and equality are anti-secular life, anti-human nature, and anti-common sense of human relations, freedom and equality come from faith. They can exist only by relying on faith.

①Luo Guanzhong the 60th chapter of “the romance of the Three Kingdoms”, people’s Literature Publishing House

② Reference from network

③Jin Guantao “China’s super stable structure of feudal society”, Law Press, p 61-65