为什么说民主党的大政府是天方夜谭的（中英文版）

刘备入川时，刘彰采纳张松的建议，欲接纳刘备，于是，“次日，刘彰上马出榆桥门。人报从事王累，自用绳索倒吊于城门之上，一手执谏章，一手仗剑，口称如谏不从，自割断其绳索，撞死于此地。刘璋教取所执谏章观之。其略曰：‘益州从事臣王累，泣血恳告：窃闻良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。昔楚怀王不听屈原之言，会盟于武关，为秦所困。今主公轻离大郡，欲迎刘备于涪城，恐有去路而无回路矣。倘能斩张松于市，绝刘备之约，则蜀中老幼幸甚，主公之基业亦幸甚！’刘璋观毕，大怒曰：‘吾与仁人相会，如亲芝兰，汝何数侮于吾耶！’王累大叫一声，自割断其索，撞死于地，后人有诗叹曰：“倒挂城门捧谏章，拚将一死报刘璋。黄权折齿终降备，矢节何如王累刚！”这就是真正的儒家，宁愿自杀成仁，也不愿伤及皇帝一根毫毛。①

儒家是世俗社会最合理的学说，君主制是世俗社会最合理的制度，但是再合理的制度也抑制不了人性的贪婪堕落，既然君临天下手握生杀大权的皇帝，是如此的威风凛凛、不可一世，自然是每一个人的终极梦想，于是兄弟阋墙、骨肉相残的宫廷内斗也就是常事了。

宦官系统也是处于不断膨胀之中。洪武初年官尚不满百人，明中叶已达一万余人。明亡国时，仅宫内阉人就有七万，加上全国各地的共有十万。阉宦自成系统，有十二监、四司、八局，共二十的衙门。为宦官机构服务的爪牙更是多如牛毛，世宗时，第一次就裁革锦衣卫的三万余人，第二次又裁去十四万八千人。

在官僚机构中，吏员（办事人员）一般说来大约为国家官员的十余倍。东汉时按官制定额，内外文武官员为七千五百六十七人，而吏有十四万五千四百一十九人。史约为官的十九倍。唐代官吏总数为二十六万八千六百六十八人时，其中官员为一万七千六百八十六名，吏也为官的二十倍左右。如果王朝初期官员人数在一至三万左右③，到末期膨胀数倍达五至十万左右，那么吏员也就相应膨胀为百余万人了，这确实是十分惊人的。”③

王朝更迭的规律不是本书的主题了，论述这些主要是论证我下面章节将一直提到的，儒家学说的等级制、君主制是与世俗生活经验相符的，是最符合人性的，最符合人伦常理的，最合理的世俗学说，而自由、平等是反世俗生活的，反人性的，反人伦常理的，自由、平等来自于信仰，只有依托信仰才能存在。

注：

①引用自《三国演义》第六十回 人民文学出版社，罗贯中著

②引用自网络

③引用自《封建社会的超稳定结构》法律出版社出版，金观涛著 61页-65页

In “Romance of Three Kingdoms”, when Liu Bei entered Sichuan, Liu Zhang adopted Zhang Song’s suggestion and wanted to accept Liu Bei, so, “the next day, Liu Zhang mounted his horse to ride out to Elm Tree Bridge. Then a messenger reported to him: “Wang Lei has suspended himself, head downwards, at the city gate. He holds a written remonstrance in one hand and in the other a knife. And he says that if you heed him not, he will cut the rope and die at your feet.”

Liu Zhang went to the gate, took the writing, and read:

“Good medicine is bitter in the mouth but good for the disease; faithful words offend the ear but are good for the conduct. Of old King Huai of Chu listened not to Qu Yuan, but attended the meeting at Wu Pass and was captured by the state of Qin. Sir, you are thoughtlessly leaving your place to go to welcome Liu Bei, but I fear there is a way out and none in. Could you but behead Zhang Song in the marketplace and have nothing to do with this league with Liu Bei? It would be for the happiness of old and young and assure the safety of yourself.”

Anger rose in Liu Zhang’s breast as he read.

“Why do you insult me when I go to meet a kind man I feel as if I were about to enjoy the delight of seeing brother?”

At this time, Wang Lei gave a great cry, severed the rope, and fell to the ground battered and dead.”This is the real Confucianism. He would rather kill himself than hurt the emperor.①

Confucianism is the most reasonable theory of the secular society, and the monarchy is the most reasonable system of the secular society, but any reasonable system can not restrain the greed and degeneration of human nature. Since the emperor who reigns in the world and holds the power of life and death is so majestic and imperious, it is naturally everyone’s ultimate dream, so it is common for brothers and sisters to fight at each other’s throats, dog-eat-dog in court.

The pyramid-like hierarchy of Confucianism itself caters to humans’ pursuit of human vanity, encourages the greed and degeneration of human nature, and emboldens people to achieve without effort and gain without pain. It uses interests and reputation as bait and encapsulates all the elites in the world to serve the emperor. Although Confucianism puts the emperor on a high-sounding veil, saying that their hierarchy can match his position with morality, which and the rule of kings are the best system. But first, there is no clear standard for ‘morality’. Second, how can he consciously match his position with morality under the greed and corruption of human nature? It is not surprising that most of the high-ranking people in Chinese history are flattering villains.Moreover, this immoral essence will inevitably lead to a vicious circle. Each level of the pyramid-like bureaucracy has greater interests and reputation than the low level and more gains without pain. Each level can determine the interests, reputation, and even life and death of the low level. It is the so-called Official’s rank superior to crush the inferior. Each step of upgrading can bring great interest and reputation; this encourages people to compete for high rank by any means, whether legitimate or illegitimate, just or unjust. It is the so-called no, “no risk no gain,” “fortune favors the daring,” and “the world is prosperous, all for interests; the world is bustling, all for benefits. “Even the ninth rank trivial officials and petty officials at the lowest level in the bureaucracy can get paid without work compared with the people at the bottom. It at least meets the minimum requirements of humans, whose nature is like leisure, hates work, and gains without work.

The eunuch system was also expanding. There were less than 100 eunuch officials in the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, but more than 10000 in the middle of it. When the Ming Dynasty was subjugated, there were 70000 eunuchs in the palace alone, plus 100000 in all parts of the country. Eunuchs had their own system. There are twelve prisons, four departments, and eight bureaus, a total of twenty Yamen. Minions serving eunuch organizations were as many as the hairs on an ox. When Shizong was in power, he cut more than 30000 royal eunuch guards for the first time and 148000 for the second time.

The law of dynasty change is not the theme of this book. These discussions mainly demonstrate that the hierarchy and monarchy of Confucianism are consistent with the experience of secular life, the most consistent with human nature, the most common sense of human relations, and the most reasonable secular theory. While freedom and equality are anti-secular life, anti-human nature, and anti-common sense of human relations, freedom and equality come from faith. They can exist only by relying on faith.

①Luo Guanzhong the 60th chapter of “the romance of the Three Kingdoms”, people’s Literature Publishing House

② Reference from network

③Jin Guantao “China’s super stable structure of feudal society”, Law Press, p 61-6